Notice: Undefined variable

From the vast wisdom of the PHP Manual:

Relying on the default value of an uninitialized variable is problematic in the case of including one file into another which uses the same variable name. It is also a major security risk with register_globals turned on. E_NOTICE level error is issued in case of working with uninitialized variables, however not in the case of appending elements to the uninitialized array. isset() language construct can be used to detect if a variable has been already initialized. Additionally and more ideal is the solution of empty() since it does not generate a warning or error message if the variable is not initialized.

From PHP documentation:

No warning is generated if the variable does not exist. That means empty() is essentially the concise equivalent to !isset($var) || $var == false.

This means that you could use only empty() to determine if the variable is set, and in addition it checks the variable against the following, 0, 0.0, "", "0", null, false or [].

Example:

$o = [];
@$var = ["",0,null,1,2,3,$foo,$o['myIndex']];
array_walk($var, function($v) {
    echo (!isset($v) || $v == false) ? 'true ' : 'false';
    echo ' ' . (empty($v) ? 'true' : 'false');
    echo "n";
});

Test the above snippet in the 3v4l.org online PHP editor

Although PHP does not require a variable declaration, it does recommend it in order to avoid some security vulnerabilities or bugs where one would forget to give a value to a variable that will be used later in the script. What PHP does in the case of undeclared variables is issue a very low level error, E_NOTICE, one that is not even reported by default, but the Manual advises to allow during development.

Ways to deal with the issue:

1. Recommended: Declare your variables, for example when you try to append a string to an undefined variable. Or use isset() / !empty() to check if they are declared before referencing them, as in:

   //Initializing variable
   $value = ""; //Initialization value; Examples
                //"" When you want to append stuff later
                //0  When you want to add numbers later
   //isset()
   $value = isset($_POST['value']) ? $_POST['value'] : '';
   //empty()
   $value = !empty($_POST['value']) ? $_POST['value'] : '';
   

   This has become much cleaner as of PHP 7.0, now you can use the null coalesce operator:

   // Null coalesce operator - No need to explicitly initialize the variable.
   $value = $_POST['value'] ?? '';
   

2. Set a custom error handler for E_NOTICE and redirect the messages away from the standard output (maybe to a log file):

   set_error_handler('myHandlerForMinorErrors', E_NOTICE | E_STRICT)
   

3. Disable E_NOTICE from reporting. A quick way to exclude just E_NOTICE is:

   error_reporting( error_reporting() & ~E_NOTICE )
   

4. Suppress the error with the @ operator.

Note: It's strongly recommended to implement just point 1.

Notice: Undefined index / Undefined offset

This notice appears when you (or PHP) try to access an undefined index of an array.

Ways to deal with the issue:

1. Check if the index exists before you access it. For this you can use isset() or array_key_exists():

   //isset()
   $value = isset($array['my_index']) ? $array['my_index'] : '';
   //array_key_exists()
   $value = array_key_exists('my_index', $array) ? $array['my_index'] : '';
   

2. The language construct list() may generate this when it attempts to access an array index that does not exist:

   list($a, $b) = array(0 => 'a');
   //or
   list($one, $two) = explode(',', 'test string');
   

Two variables are used to access two array elements, however there is only one array element, index 0, so this will generate:

Notice: Undefined offset: 1

$_POST / $_GET / $_SESSION variable

The notices above appear often when working with $_POST, $_GET or $_SESSION. For $_POST and $_GET you just have to check if the index exists or not before you use them. For $_SESSION you have to make sure you have the session started with session_start() and that the index also exists.

Also note that all 3 variables are superglobals and are uppercase.

Related:

• Notice: Undefined variable
• Notice: Undefined Index

CakePHPs PHP session defaults (like all built-in defaults) do change the name of the cookie / the name of the session (session.name INI setting) to CAKEPHP:

https://github.com/cakephp/cakephp/blob/3.5.3/src/Network/Session.php#L133-L138

So you either have to change that to match the defaults used by your vanilla PHP app (which is most probably PHPSESSID, ie the PHP default):

'Session' => [
    'defaults' => 'php',
    'cookie' => session_name(), // would use the PHP default
],
// ...

or change the latter app to use the name configured for your CakePHP application:

session_name('CAKEPHP');
session_start();
// ...

Also make sure that the session.cookie_path and session.cookie_domain configuration covers both of your applications locations.

See also

• Cookbook > Sessions > Session Configuration
• Cookbook > Sessions > Setting ini directives