Terminology

• User: A visitor.
• Client: A particular web-capable software installed on a particular machine.

Understanding Sessions

In order to understand how to make your session secure, you must first understand how sessions work.

Let's see this piece of code:

session_start();

As soon as you call that, PHP will look for a cookie called PHPSESSID (by default). If it is not found, it will create one:

PHPSESSID=h8p6eoh3djplmnum2f696e4vq3

If it is found, it takes the value of PHPSESSID and then loads the corresponding session. That value is called a session_id.

That is the only thing the client will know. Whatever you add into the session variable stays on the server, and is never transfered to the client. That variable doesn't change if you change the content of $_SESSION. It always stays the same until you destroy it or it times out. Therefore, it is useless to try to obfuscate the contents of $_SESSION by hashing it or by other means as the client never receives or sends that information.

Then, in the case of a new session, you will set the variables:

$_SESSION['user'] = 'someuser';

The client will never see that information.

The Problem

A security issue may arise when a malicious user steals the session_id of an other user. Without some kind of check, he will then be free to impersonate that user. We need to find a way to uniquely identify the client (not the user).

One strategy (the most effective) involves checking if the IP of the client who started the session is the same as the IP of the person using the session.

if(logging_in()) {
    $_SESSION['user'] = 'someuser';
    $_SESSION['ip'] = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
}

// The Check on subsequent load
if($_SESSION['ip'] != $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) {
    die('Session MAY have been hijacked');
}

The problem with that strategy is that if a client uses a load-balancer, or (on long duration session) the user has a dynamic IP, it will trigger a false alert.

Another strategy involves checking the user-agent of the client:

if(logging_in()) {
    $_SESSION['user'] = 'someuser';
    $_SESSION['agent'] = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
}

// The Check on subsequent load
if($_SESSION['agent'] != $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) {
    die('Session MAY have been hijacked');
}

The downside of that strategy is that if the client upgrades it's browser or installs an addon (some adds to the user-agent), the user-agent string will change and it will trigger a false alert.

Another strategy is to rotate the session_id on each 5 requests. That way, the session_id theoretically doesn't stay long enough to be hijacked.

if(logging_in()) {
    $_SESSION['user'] = 'someuser';
    $_SESSION['count'] = 5;
}

// The Check on subsequent load
if(($_SESSION['count'] -= 1) == 0) {
    session_regenerate_id();
    $_SESSION['count'] = 5;
}

You may combine each of these strategies as you wish, but you will also combine the downsides.

Unfortunately, no solution is fool-proof. If your session_id is compromised, you are pretty much done for. The above strategies are just stop-gap measures.

You should:

• encrypt sensitive data
• avoid:
  • avoid sql injection
  • Session hijacking
  • Session fixation

Recommended Reading:

PHP Security Guide

For receiving frames destined to all hosts you must set your network interface in promiscuous mode.

For getting frames you can use different alternatives:

1. pcap API (library libpcap)
2. packet sockets: http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/packet.7.html
3. Look at ebtables (I've never used it so I'm not sure in this point): http://linux.die.net/man/8/ebtables
4. Here netfilter is proposed: How to capture network frames in a kernel module

If you still want to hack the kernel you don't need to create a new Ethernet device driver, just write a kernel module that registers to receive frames received from the Ethernet device driver. Look at kernel file http://lxr.free-electrons.com/source/net/core/dev.c , you can begin with function:

int netif_rx(struct sk_buff *skb)

This is the one receiving frames from the device driver.